Backend and Applied Machine Learning Engineer - Integrated Mobility Infrastructure

Join Woven by ToyotaWoven by Toyota is at the forefront of a transformative journey, reimagining mobility for the 21st century. With a commitment to human-centric innovation, we aim to redefine what mobility means and how it can enhance society.Our initiatives are driven by four key pillars: AD/ADAS for autonomous driving technologies; Arene, our innovative …

Join the SmartNews Team!SmartNews Inc. is a pioneering global information and news discovery platform committed to providing high-quality information to those who seek it. Leveraging our innovative machine-learning technology and fostering partnerships with over 3,000 global publishers, we deliver news that matters to millions.Founded in 2012 in Tokyo, SmartNews has expanded its reach with offices located in Osaka, Palo Alto, New York, and Singapore.If you are aligned with our vision and driven by our mission, we warmly invite you to apply!Our TeamThe Vertical Ranking Team is responsible for developing machine learning systems that enhance personalized user experiences at SmartNews. We collaborate closely with Product and Business teams to create scalable recommendation solutions that boost user engagement and drive revenue across key features such as For You, Push Notifications, Follow Recommendations, Search, Ads, and new vertical experiences.Our initiatives merge business impact with machine learning innovation. We translate product requirements into effective ranking strategies that optimize user engagement, retention, and monetization. From feature design to model development, experimentation, and iterative online improvements, we play a vital role in refining the recommendation pipeline to achieve tangible results.Our environment is dynamic, with a focus on real-world impact. Every model is assessed against clear business metrics. By utilizing large-scale behavioral data, advanced modeling techniques, and rigorous A/B testing, we continuously enhance performance and elevate the quality of recommendations for our users.We value strong ownership and accountability, ensuring that each initiative is data-driven, aligned with business objectives, and contributes to strengthening both vertical strategies and the overall recommendation ecosystem.If you are passionate about applying machine learning to tackle significant business challenges and keen on shaping recommendation strategies that directly influence growth, the Vertical Ranking Team offers an exceptional opportunity to drive impactful results at scale.

At Wayve, we are dedicated to cultivating a diverse and inclusive workplace that respects every individual's unique skills and perspectives, irrespective of gender, race, religion, ethnicity, disability, age, citizenship status, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, veteran status, pregnancy, or any other protected characteristic.About UsEstablished in 2017, Wayve is at the forefront of developing Embodied AI technology. Our innovative AI software and foundational models empower vehicles to perceive, understand, and navigate intricate environments, significantly enhancing the safety and usability of automated driving systems.Our mission is to innovate autonomy that drives the world forward. Our intelligent, map-free, and hardware-agnostic AI solutions are tailored for automakers, facilitating the transition from assisted to fully automated driving. We thrive in a fast-paced environment where complex challenges inspire us to pursue groundbreaking solutions. We set ambitious goals while remaining grounded, continually learning and adapting as we lead the charge toward a smarter, safer future.At Wayve, your contributions are valued. We champion diversity, welcome fresh perspectives, and nurture an inclusive work culture where we support one another to make a significant impact.Join Wayve and embark on a career-defining experience!The RoleAs a Machine Learning Engineer in the Application Software team, you will spearhead pivotal projects that advance model-based autonomous driving, focusing on both core driving performance and feature-level intelligence—such as personalization, comfort, and collaborative capabilities.You will design and implement ML-driven behaviors that transition from assisted to autonomous driving. Your responsibilities will encompass model architecture, data pipelines, evaluation frameworks, and real-world deployment. You will collaborate closely with AI Platform, Simulation, Robot Software, and Model Release teams to develop systems that are high-performing, adaptable, and production-ready.

At Wayve, we are dedicated to fostering a diverse, equitable, and respectful culture that values the unique skills and perspectives of every individual, regardless of sex, race, religion or belief, ethnic or national origin, disability, age, citizenship, marital status, sexual orientation, gender identity, veteran status, pregnancy or related conditions. We believe that diversity enriches our work environment and drives innovation.About UsFounded in 2017, Wayve is at the forefront of Embodied AI technology development. Our cutting-edge AI software and foundational models empower vehicles to perceive, understand, and navigate complex environments, significantly enhancing the usability and safety of automated driving systems.Our vision is to usher in a new era of autonomy that advances global progress. We create intelligent, mapless, and hardware-agnostic AI products tailored for automakers, facilitating the transition from assisted to fully automated driving. In our dynamic environment, we thrive on tackling significant challenges—we embrace uncertainty and leverage complex problems to discover innovative solutions. Committed to excellence, we continuously learn and evolve to pave the way for a smarter and safer future.At Wayve, your contributions are valued. We embrace diversity, welcome new perspectives, and cultivate an inclusive workplace where team members support one another in making a meaningful impact.Join Wayve and make your career-defining experience!The RoleWe are seeking an outstanding technical leader to establish and lead our new Application Engineer team in Japan. This high-impact, self-sufficient team will focus on localizing and advancing our autonomous driving technology for the Japanese market. This is a rare opportunity to influence Wayve's autonomous vehicle capabilities in Japan from the ground up.You will guide a small yet formidable team of engineers specializing in robotics, machine learning, and systems integration. Your role will involve driving the development of autonomy features tailored to Japan's unique road infrastructure, driving behaviors, and regulatory requirements, ensuring that our AV stack operates safely and effectively in this distinctive environment.Given the geographical and time zone distance from our London headquarters, your team will operate autonomously. We are looking for someone who thrives in self-directed, startup-like settings, capable of establishing a vision, executing rapidly, and making sound decisions independently while remaining aligned with global engineering initiatives.

About Woven by Toyota Woven by Toyota is part of Toyota’s evolution into a mobility company. Building on decades of innovation, the team focuses on creating technology that benefits society and improves daily life. Key Focus Areas AD/ADAS: Advanced autonomous driving and driver assistance systems Arene: Software development platform for software-defined vehicles Woven City: A real-world testbed for new mobility solutions Cloud & AI: Digital infrastructure that connects and supports all initiatives The company’s vision centers on safety and well-being, aiming for zero accidents and better quality of life for all.

About the RoleJoin Neural Concept's innovative ML Application Engineering team, where our primary mission is to assist customers in Japan in overcoming their most intricate engineering challenges. Collaborating closely with engineering and design teams across the automotive, aerospace, and energy sectors, we deeply understand their obstacles and pains, guiding them to discover solutions that expedite their design processes. By harnessing our advanced platform, we unlock the potential of complex computer-aided engineering datasets, making a tangible impact on product design workflows. Through the integration of 3D deep learning and engineering intelligence, we empower our clients to create superior products more efficiently.As an essential member of the Application Engineering Team, your role will involve enabling industry leaders to transform their product design approaches using state-of-the-art technologies. Your expertise will inspire trust and respect from our clients through the delivery of high-quality technical solutions. This is your opportunity to be at the forefront of engineering and AI, collaborating with premier clients globally while influencing the evolution of the industry. If you are excited about experiencing the rapid advancements in engineering, this is the team for you.ResponsibilitiesLead projects alongside our clients' engineering teams, analyzing and processing engineering data utilizing our platform and Python libraries to develop customized solutions and workflows.Implement our machine learning and deep learning methodologies to address various engineering and physics challenges, delivering proofs-of-concept that showcase how our technology adds value in CAD, CAE, and manufacturing.Educate customer teams on effectively utilizing our methods and platform, ensuring seamless integration of AI into their workflows.Collaborate closely with our developers to translate customer feedback and requirements into product enhancements.About YouYou are passionate about solving real-world problems through machine learning and automation, with a commitment to transforming engineering practices for industry leaders.You hold a Master’s or PhD in Engineering, Applied Mathematics, or Physics.You possess a strong grasp of both engineering concepts and machine learning techniques, showcasing your ability to bridge the gap between the two domains.

About Woven by ToyotaWoven by Toyota is at the forefront of Toyota's transformative journey into a comprehensive mobility enterprise. Driven by a legacy of innovation aimed at benefiting society, our mission is to redefine mobility through human-centric advancements—expanding the scope and societal impact of what mobility entails.Our initiatives revolve around four key areas: AD/ADAS, focusing on autonomous driving and advanced driver-assistance technologies; Arene, our platform for developing software-defined vehicles; Woven City, a pioneering testbed for mobility; and Cloud & AI, the digital backbone that supports our collaborative efforts. These crucial functions empower our teams as we collectively strive toward a singular ambitious goal: achieving a world devoid of accidents and promoting well-being for everyone.=========================================================================TEAMThe Enterprise AI team is dedicated to providing a streamlined end-to-end machine learning tooling experience, accelerating the development of machine learning initiatives across various sectors including autonomous driving and smart cities.Within Enterprise AI, the AI Solutions team actively supports Toyota Group clients and affiliated companies in overcoming challenges related to machine learning model development and the utilization of products crafted by Enterprise AI. Our team thrives on a growth mindset, strives for excellence, and encourages a culture where diverse perspectives are welcomed and respected. We believe in fostering an environment where every opinion matters and is valued equally.WHO ARE WE LOOKING FOR?We seek a highly motivated Machine Learning Engineer eager to develop and apply machine learning methodologies to tackle intricate issues for a diverse clientele, encompassing both internal Woven teams and Toyota affiliates. In this role, you will collaborate with fellow machine learning engineers and engage with other members and stakeholders in Enterprise AI product development, leveraging your expertise to advance both your skills and address complex challenges.

About Woven by Toyota Woven by Toyota supports Toyota’s shift toward becoming a mobility company for the next century. Drawing on a legacy of continuous invention, the team aims to broaden what mobility means and how it serves society. Human-centered innovation guides their approach as they challenge established ideas in the mobility space. Woven by Toyota’s work centers on four main areas: Autonomous Driving and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) Arene, the vehicle software production platform for Software Defined Vehicles (SDV) Woven City, a real-world testbed for mobility solutions Cloud & AI digital infrastructure supporting these initiatives Core business functions support these teams as they work together to create safer roads and aim for widespread happiness through improved mobility.

About Woven by ToyotaWoven by Toyota is contributing to Toyota's transformation into a mobility company for the next century. Inspired by a legacy of continuous invention for the benefit of others, our mission is to redefine mobility and expand its contributions to society through innovative, human-centered solutions that challenge conventional norms.Our efforts focus on four pillars: Automated Driving and Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (AD/ADAS), Arene - a vehicle software production platform for Software-Defined Vehicles (SDVs), our mobility testing course Woven City, and the digital infrastructure supporting collaboration, Cloud & AI. Together, we strive to achieve a "zero-accident society" and the mass production of happiness.=========================================================================About the TeamThe Vehicle Perception team at Woven by Toyota is tackling core challenges in machine learning technologies for 3D object recognition, sensor fusion, and computer vision in autonomous driving. We analyze vast amounts of multimodal driving data, optimize computer vision algorithms, minimize latency through hardware acceleration, deploy scalable and efficient machine learning and evaluation pipelines, and design innovative neural network architectures to advance the state of the art in perception. We are seeking driven individuals with creative problem-solving skills to help realize human-centered autonomous driving solutions for both personal and commercial use.Desired CandidateWe are looking for an exceptional production machine learning engineer who can implement and deploy advanced recognition models as reliable, production-quality software modules on automotive ADAS/autonomous driving stacks. You will have the opportunity to design and implement innovative machine learning models for next-generation autonomous driving platforms that will impact millions of Toyota production vehicles. We welcome candidates who are eager to take ownership of the entire ML lifecycle—from requirements definition to learning, validation, and safe, compliant production deployment. A strong sense of responsibility and a "giver" mindset to actively support colleagues while delivering production-quality outputs are highly valued.

Join Woven by Toyota as a Senior Machine Learning Engineer!At Woven by Toyota, we are pioneering a transformative shift in mobility, inspired by our dedication to innovating for the greater good. Our mission is to redefine mobility through human-centric innovation, enhancing how it serves society.Our core initiatives span across four key areas: AD/ADAS, focusing on autonomous driving and advanced driver-assistance systems; Arene, our software platform for software-defined vehicles; Woven City, an innovative testbed for mobility solutions; and Cloud & AI, the digital backbone supporting our collaborative efforts. Together, we are committed to achieving a future free of accidents and promoting well-being for all.Our TeamThe Vehicle Perception team is at the forefront of addressing critical challenges in machine learning for 3D perception, sensor fusion, and computer vision in autonomous vehicles. We tackle complex tasks, from analyzing vast amounts of multimodal driving data to deploying efficient machine learning training and evaluation pipelines. We invite creative problem solvers to help us enhance mobility through human-centered automated driving solutions for both personal and commercial use.Who We SeekWe are searching for a talented Machine Learning Engineer to propel our advanced machine learning systems for perception foundation models utilizing large-scale multimodal sensor data. This role involves designing and implementing groundbreaking machine learning models for our next-gen autonomous vehicle platform, ultimately influencing millions of Toyota production vehicles. Ideal candidates will share our passion for self-driving technology and its profound impact on society, along with a collaborative spirit that emphasizes supporting colleagues while delivering impactful solutions.

About Woven by ToyotaWoven by Toyota is driving Toyota’s transformative journey into a future-focused mobility company. Our mission is to revolutionize mobility through human-centric innovation, redefining its meaning and societal impact.Our initiatives are anchored in four key areas: AD/ADAS, focusing on autonomous driving and advanced driver assistance technologies; Arene, our software platform for software-defined vehicles; Woven City, a testing ground for mobility; and Cloud & AI, the digital backbone of our collaborative efforts. Our teams are empowered to innovate toward a bold vision: a future with zero accidents and enhanced well-being for all.=========================================================================TEAMThe Vehicle Perception team at Woven by Toyota addresses critical challenges in machine learning, including 3D perception, sensor fusion, and computer vision for autonomous vehicles. We tackle diverse challenges, from processing vast amounts of multimodal driving data to solving intricate optimization problems in computer vision. Our work includes minimizing latency on hardware accelerators, deploying scalable ML training and evaluation systems, and creating cutting-edge neural network architectures to enhance onboard perception capabilities. We seek proactive and innovative problem solvers to join us in advancing mobility through human-centered automated driving solutions for both personal and commercial use.WHO ARE WE LOOKING FOR?We are in search of a talented Production Machine Learning Engineer ready to deploy advanced perception models into robust software modules that function seamlessly within an automotive ADAS/autonomous framework. This role offers the opportunity to design and implement pioneering machine learning models for our next-generation autonomous vehicle platform, impacting millions of Toyota vehicles. We value candidates eager to manage the entire ML lifecycle, from requirements gathering and training to verification and compliant mass production deployment. Additionally, we appreciate individuals with a collaborative spirit, always looking to support their colleagues while maintaining a sharp focus on delivering production-ready solutions.

About Woven by ToyotaWoven by Toyota is dedicated to contributing to Toyota's transformation into a mobility company of the century. Inspired by our history of continuous invention for others, our mission is to redefine mobility and expand how it contributes to society, continuously challenging the norms of mobility through human-centered innovation.Our activities are centered around four main pillars: autonomous driving and advanced driver-assistance systems (AD/ADAS), Arene—a vehicle software production platform for software-defined vehicles (SDV), Woven City, a mobility testing ground, and robust digital infrastructure supporting Cloud & AI for collaborative platforms. Essential business functions support these teams as we collectively strive towards a society with zero accidents and the mass production of happiness.=========================================================================About the TeamThe Vehicle Perception team at Woven by Toyota addresses critical challenges in machine learning technologies for 3D object recognition, sensor fusion, and computer vision in autonomous driving. We analyze vast amounts of multimodal driving data, optimize computer vision algorithms, minimize latency through hardware acceleration, and deploy scalable and efficient machine learning and evaluation pipelines. Furthermore, we design innovative neural network architectures to advance the forefront of recognition in the field. We seek proactive and creative problem solvers to realize human-centered autonomous driving solutions for both personal and commercial applications.What We're Looking ForWe are in search of a machine learning engineer skilled in evolving cutting-edge machine learning systems for recognition base models leveraging large-scale multimodal sensor data in autonomous driving. You will design and implement innovative machine learning models for next-generation autonomous vehicle platforms, impacting millions of Toyota’s commercially available cars. If you are passionate about developing autonomous driving technology that contributes to society and have a collaborative spirit with a “giver” mindset, we want to hear from you.

Appier Inc. is looking for a Staff or Senior Software Engineer to join the Machine Learning Platform team within the Ad Cloud division in Tokyo, Japan. The focus is on building and enhancing machine learning systems that drive advertising products. Key responsibilities Design and improve machine learning algorithms to power advertising solutions Collaborate with engineering, product, and data science teams to create and launch new features Enhance the performance and scalability of existing machine learning systems Collaboration This position requires regular teamwork with colleagues from various backgrounds. The aim is to ensure that machine learning efforts support both business needs and product objectives.

Join Woven by Toyota as a Junior ML Platform Engineer Intern!Woven by Toyota is spearheading Toyota's remarkable transformation into a full-fledged mobility company. Our mission is to revolutionize the concept of mobility through human-focused innovation, ensuring that our advancements serve society at large.Our initiatives are grounded in four key areas: AD/ADAS focusing on autonomous driving and advanced driver assistance technologies; Arene, our robust software development platform for software-defined vehicles; Woven City, a pioneering test environment for mobility; and our Cloud & AI infrastructure that underpins our collaborative efforts. Together, we are committed to a bold vision: a future with zero accidents and enhanced well-being for everyone.Make a Meaningful Impact!Are you passionate about transforming mobility for everyone? Join us at Woven by Toyota for an internship experience where you will contribute to a significant project that shapes our future objectives. You will collaborate with our talented engineers who will mentor you throughout this journey, ensuring a rewarding learning experience. We invite engineering students with a strong desire to enhance lives and innovate through technology to apply!

Join Our Innovative TeamAt liquid-ai, we are not merely creating AI models—we are revolutionizing the very framework of intelligence. Emerging from MIT, our goal is to develop cutting-edge AI systems that excel at any scale. Our Liquid Foundation Models (LFMs) perform where others fall short: on devices, at the edge, and under the pressure of real-time demands. We are not just iterating on traditional concepts—we are designing the future.We recognize that exceptional talent drives remarkable technology. The liquid-ai team is a collective of elite engineers, researchers, and innovators dedicated to crafting the next generation of artificial intelligence. Whether you are involved in shaping model architectures, enhancing our development platforms, or facilitating enterprise deployments—your efforts will directly influence the evolution of intelligent systems.

About Appier Appier is an innovative software-as-a-service (SaaS) company leveraging the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance business decision-making processes. Established in 2012 with the vision of democratizing AI, Appier is dedicated to transforming AI into tangible returns on investment (ROI) through intelligent software solutions. With 17 offices strategically located across the APAC, Europe, and the U.S., Appier is proud to be listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Ticker number: 4180). Learn more at www.appier.com. The Impact You’ll Make at Appier We are on the lookout for a Senior Machine Learning Scientist to join our Advertising Cloud Optimization team. This team is at the forefront of developing essential machine learning algorithms that enhance campaign efficiency and maximize advertiser ROI. Our programmatic advertising platform operates on a massive scale, processing millions of queries per second (QPS), all powered by our proprietary deep learning models for bidding, pricing, and personalized content delivery. In this pivotal role, you will construct an identity graph to enrich a unified customer profile and identify high-value users to drive return on ad spend (ROAS) through advanced machine learning models. What You’ll Work On Utilize scientific methodologies to develop an identity graph and pinpoint high-value users. Lead online experiments aimed at continuously enhancing ROAS. Manage projects independently, demonstrating ownership and accountability. Collaborate with product stakeholders and backend/frontend teams to deliver effective measurement solutions for our clients. What We’re Looking For A Master’s or PhD degree in Computer Science, Machine Learning, Statistics, or a related field. Proven experience in machine learning and data analysis. Strong programming skills in Python, R, or similar languages. Excellent problem-solving abilities and a passion for data-driven decision making.

About AppierAppier is a pioneering software-as-a-service (SaaS) provider that leverages artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance business decision-making processes. Established in 2012 with the goal of democratizing AI, our mission is to transform AI into measurable ROI by creating intelligent software solutions. With 17 offices across APAC, Europe, and the U.S., Appier is publicly traded on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Ticker number: 4180). For further details, visit www.appier.com.Open to Overseas Candidates/Visa SupportThis role is located in Tokyo, Japan. Appier offers visa sponsorship to international candidates, ensuring a smooth transition to Japan.Your Impact at AppierWe are on the lookout for a Senior Machine Learning Scientist to join our Advertising Cloud Optimization team. This team is at the forefront of developing core machine learning algorithms that optimize campaign efficiency and maximize advertiser ROI. Our programmatic advertising platform operates at an immense scale, processing millions of queries per second (QPS), all driven by our proprietary deep learning models for bidding, pricing, and personalized content delivery.Our engineering team boasts a robust technical background, offering an ideal environment for a talented engineer.In this role, you will significantly influence the efficiency and profitability of advertising campaigns by refining models for bidding, pricing, and personalized content recommendations, while ensuring system robustness and scalability in a dynamic market landscape.Key ResponsibilitiesDesign, implement, and productionize state-of-the-art ML models to enhance campaign outcomes.Analyze large-scale user and auction data to uncover predictive patterns and alpha signals that boost bidding and personalization.Collaborate across functions with engineering, product, and data teams to identify opportunities, define roadmaps, and deliver impactful solutions.Continuously enhance system performance through offline experimentation and online testing (e.g., A/B tests, incremental learning).

Join us at Anthropic as an Applied AI Engineer, where you will work at the forefront of artificial intelligence innovation. You will collaborate with a talented team to develop and implement advanced AI models and systems, contributing to projects that push the boundaries of what AI can achieve.

About Appier Appier is an innovative software-as-a-service (SaaS) company harnessing the power of artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize business decision-making. Established in 2012 with the goal of democratizing AI, Appier is dedicated to transforming AI into measurable ROI through intelligent software solutions. With 17 offices across APAC, Europe, and the U.S., we are proudly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Ticker number: 4180). Discover more about us at www.appier.com. Open to International Candidates/Visa SupportThis position is located in Tokyo, Japan. Appier’s Japan office provides visa sponsorship to facilitate a seamless relocation for international candidates. Your Impact at Appier We are on the lookout for a Senior Machine Learning Scientist to join our Advertising Cloud Optimization team. This team drives the advancement of core machine learning algorithms that enhance campaign efficiency and boost advertiser ROI. Our programmatic advertising platform operates at an extraordinary scale, processing millions of queries per second (QPS), all supported by our proprietary deep learning models focused on bidding, pricing, and personalized content delivery. In this role, you will evaluate ads incrementality across various traffic types, creative formats, and user segments, and leverage machine learning models and AI automation to enhance campaign efficiency. Key Responsibilities Utilize scientific methods to improve ads measurement. Conduct online experiments to consistently enhance ad effectiveness. Independently manage projects from inception to completion. Collaborate with product stakeholders, backend, and frontend teams to deliver measurement solutions for our clients.

Join Appier as a Senior Machine Learning Scientist!Appier, an innovative leader in AI-native solutions, is dedicated to transforming business decision-making through advanced artificial intelligence. Established in 2012, our goal is to democratize AI, enabling companies to achieve a high return on investment through intelligent software solutions. With a presence in 17 offices across the Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the U.S., we are publicly listed on the Tokyo Stock Exchange (Ticker: 4180). Learn more about us at www.appier.com.Visa Sponsorship for International CandidatesThis role is located in Tokyo, Japan. For overseas applicants, Appier offers visa sponsorship to facilitate your relocation.Your Impact at AppierAs a Senior Machine Learning Scientist, you will join our Advertising Cloud Optimization team, spearheading the development of vital machine learning algorithms that enhance campaign performance and maximize advertiser ROI. Our programmatic advertising platform operates at an extraordinary scale, processing millions of queries per second, all driven by our proprietary deep learning models for bidding, pricing, and personalized content delivery.In this role, you will significantly influence the efficiency and profitability of advertising campaigns by refining models for bidding, pricing, and personalized content recommendations, while ensuring robust system performance in a fast-paced market.Your ResponsibilitiesArchitect, implement, and deploy cutting-edge machine learning models to optimize campaign results.Examine extensive user and auction datasets to uncover predictive patterns and alpha signals that improve bidding and personalization.Collaborate with cross-functional teams in engineering, product, and data to identify opportunities, establish roadmaps, and deliver impactful solutions.Continuously enhance system performance through offline experimentation and online testing methodologies (e.g., A/B tests, incremental learning).Qualifications We SeekA Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Mathematics, Electrical Engineering, or a related field; a Master’s or PhD is preferred.Minimum of 4 years of experience in the ad tech industry, focusing on performance optimization and machine learning applications.